By comparison, while using the traditional economic development model employed by most communities in the s and s, Littleton only attracted 4, new jobs. A huge number of factors can affect how fast a company grows, making picking targets difficult.
Littleton found ideal companies will have developed some sort of innovation in product, process, or delivery method, have a potential or actual market outside the community, and be between 1 and 5 years old. It takes time to develop the businesses and create jobs. Littleton overcame this problem by working with trusted partners like the local chamber of commerce, universities, and trade groups. This caused a drop in population and increased unemployment and urban blight.
To combat this and revitalize the local economy, Paducah began its artist relocation program. It was started by Mark Barone, a former working artist, and Thomas Barnett, and city planner.
Reimbursements for architectural or professional services are included and Paducah Bank helps secure no down payment, low interest loans to cover property refurbishing.
In return, houses must be brought to code while maintaining the historic feel. The artists are also supported in marketing and promotional materials for the arts district. Qualified artists are provided small financial assistance by the city. Funds have emphasis on sustainability, galleries and businesses open to public, and artists that make a significant contribution to the community or have achieved notoriety. It is one of the most powerful ways Paducah attracted artists away from larger cities where they may not be able to afford to buy property.
They offered loans on easy terms that covered building renovation and business startup costs, not just mortgages for the value of the property. Without this backing, the project would have lacked the funds to succeed. It was what was needed to get the artists to move to the small town and open a business.
Kentucky Attracts Artists. Case Studies in Economic Development 14 2. To combat this, in the Portland Development Commission PDC , a city agency, created the first economic development strategy in 15 years. Their focus is on investment in the fundamentals of economic development, including business expansion and retention, workforce training, innovation, catalytic projects, and an ecosystem that nurtures entrepreneurs and small businesses.
One of the most important is organizing industry clusters and investing in them, one of which is the clean tech and sustainability sector. These clusters include renewable energy, green building, energy efficiency, electric vehicles, waste reduction, recycling, and electric vehicles. Portland aims to attract a few anchor companies in these niches and then help to recruit and build out their supply chains.
By bringing all the resources needed by green firms together in one geographic area, it makes Portland even more attractive to firms looking to relocate. Portland has the advantage of a deep talent pool, receptive local market for new technologies, and a legacy manufacturing base that helps recruit these companies. The network is going to track both supply chain and product development through ties to the business community.
It 25 Portland Development Commission: www. Case Studies in Economic Development 15 also is going to develop ties to research institutions in the region to ensure product and process discovery are quickly converted into commercial opportunities for local businesses. This helps to spur research, but also generates jobs for subcontractors and building specialists and helps the city save on energy costs.
Each district will test new techniques in power generation, waste and water treatment, and shared infrastructure. Tax incentives and other assistance is offered to these businesses to relocate or expand.
Additionally, long run investments in transit, social services, and other public projects has given the city a reputation for a good quality of life that attracts entrepreneurs and skilled workers alike, both of which are essential to attracting businesses.
This makes the area more attractive to other businesses in the same cluster without having to do more expensive recruiting. It also makes the supply chain greener by cutting down on transportation costs from one business to another.
Realistic unordered statement of facts. Gravity-Free High: New product with development stages and probability of failure. Crummy Castings: Decision tree problem with modest ambiguity. Options create more challenging problems. New World Mining: Includes inflation.
Funding agency vs. Simulation option to analyze uncertainty. Glowing in the Dark: Expected return and variance for facility of minimal size, of that plus preparation for later expansion, and of the full-size now. City Car: Decision tree analysis. Includes discussion of strategy and risk. Some assumptions must be made. Washing Away: Levee height and probability of flood damage. Sinkemfast: Decision tree with assumptions required for realistic comparisons. Info supports creation of new, better alternatives.
Raster Blaster: Questions to guide students. Includes breakeven analysis. To Use or Not To Use? More complicated than most. Some discoveries in the data gathering process. Solution uses equation rather than cash flow table. Olives in Your Backyard: Emphasizes taxes and sensitivity analysis. New Fangled Manufacturing: Emphasizes taxes and sensitivity analysis. Supersonic Service? Every case study investigator must high-quality case study without leaving the library and the telephone, depend- work hard to report all evidence fairly, and this book will help him or her to ing upon the topic being studied.
What is often forgotten is that bias also can enter into the conduct of Despite the fact that these common concerns can be allayed, as above, one experiments see Rosenthal, and the use of other research strategies, major lesson is still that good case studies are very difficult to do. The problems are not to do good case studies. People know when they cannot play music; they also different, but in case study research, they may have been more frequently know when they cannot do mathematics; and they can be tesred for other encountered and less frequently overcome.
Somehow, the skills for doing A second common concern about case studies is that they provide little good case studies have not yet been defined, and as a result, basis for sciel1tific generalization. The answer is not a simple one Ken- most people feel that they can prepare a case study, and nearly all of us believe nedy, However, consider for the moment that the same question had we can understand one. Since neither view is well founded.
Hoaglin, Light, experiment? The same approach can be This quotation is from a book by five prominent statisticians. Surprisingly, used with multiple-case studies but requires a different concept of the appro- even from another field, they recognize the challenge of doing good case priate research designs; this is discussed in detail in Chapter 2.
The short studies. The discussion has progressed without a formal definition of case studies. Moreover, commonly asked questions about case studies have still been A third frequent complaint about case studies is that they take too long, unanswered. For example, is it still a case study when more than one case is and they result in massive, unreadable documents. This complaint may be included in the same study?
Do case studies preclude the use of quantitative appropriate, given the way case studies have been done in the past e. Can case studies be used to do evaluations? Let us now attempt to define the case study strategy studies must be done in the future. Chapter 6 discusses alternative ways of and answer these questions.
Nor need case studies take a long time. Definition of the Case Study as a Research Strategy This incorrectly confuses the case study strategy with a specific method of data collection, such as ethnography or participant-observation.
Ethnogra- The most frequently encountered definitions of case studies have merely phies usually require long periods of time in the "field" and emphasize repeated the types of topics to which case studies have been applied. For detailed, observational evidence. A case study is an empirical inquiry that is that it tries to illuminate a decision or set of decisions: why they were taken. Similarly, other topics have been listed, including "individuals," In other words, you would use the case study method because you deliberately "organizations," ''processes,'' "programs," "neighborhoods," "institutions," wanted to cover contextual conditions-believing that they might be highly and even "events.
As context, so that attention can be focused on only a few vanables typICally, discussed earlier, one common flaw was to consider the case study as the the context is "controlled" by the laboratory environment. A history, by exploratory stage of some other type of research strategy, and the case study comparison, does deal with the entangled situation bet,:"een phenomenon and itself was only mentioned in a line or two of text.
Fmally, surveys can try Another common flaw has been to confuse case studies with ethnographies to deal with phenomenon and context, but their ability to investigate the Fetterman, or with participant-observation Jorgensen, , so that context is extremely limited. The most popular contemporary texts e.
She traces the practice of doing case studies back to the conduct of life histories, 2. The case study inquiry the wode of the Chicago school of sociology, and casework in social work.
The technically critical features had proaches to data collection and to data analysis. In this sense, the case study been worked out prior to the first edition of this book Yin, , b is not either a data collection tactic or merely a design feature alone Stoecker, but now may be restated in two ways.
First, the technical definition begins but a comprehensive research strategy. I How the strategy is defined with the scope of a case study: and implemented is the topic of this entire book. And, yes, case studies have a distinctive place in evaluation research see Variations Within Case Studies Cronbach et al. There are at least five different applications. The most important is to explain the causal links in real-life Yes, case study research can include both single- and multiple-case studies.
Though some fields, such as political science and public administration, have In evaluation langnage, the explanations would link program implementation tried to delineate sharply between these two approaches and have used such with program effects U.
General Accounting Office, Fourth, see Chapter 2 for more. Fifth, the evidence. In fact, the contrast between quantitative and qualitative evidence case study may be a "meta-evaluation"-a study of an evaluation study does not distinguish the various research strategies. Note that, as analogous N. Smith, ; Stake, Whatever the application, one constant theme examples, some experiments such as studies of psychophysical perceptions is that program sponsors--rather than research investigators alone-may and some survey questions such as those seeking categorical rather than have the prominent role in defining the evaluation questions and relevant data numerical responses rely on qUalitative, and not quantitative, evidence.
Likewise, historical research can include enonnous amounts of quantitative And, finally, yes, certain journalistic efforts can qualify as case studies. However, ethnographic research does This chapter has introduced the importance of the case study as a research not always produce case studies for example, see the brief ethnographies in strategy.
The case study, like other research strategies, is a way of investigating G. Jacobs, , nor are case studies limited to these two conditions. Instead, an empirical topic by following a set of prespecified procedures. These case studies can be based on any mix of quantitative and qUalitative evidence. In addition, case studies need not always include direct, detailed observations The chapter also has attempted to distinguish the case study from alternative as a source of evidence.
Some situations may have no clearly preferred strategy, as the but on the basis of wholly different philosophical beliefs e. Although some believe that these philosophical beliefs are irrecon- gator may draw according to a given situation.
Now assume that you were actually able to answer these BOX 3 questions with sufficient evidence i. How would you justify, to a colleague, the significance of your findings? Would you have advanced some major theory? Would you have discovered some- Although public memory of President Richard M. Nixon's resignation has thing rare? The book is dramatic and sus- penseful, relies on solid journalistic methods, and serendipitously represents a 3.
Locate a re- i, common design for case studies. Describe the ways in which the findings of this study are Nixon administration more generally. Rather, the case is the "coverup," a significant. Does it advance some major theory? Has it discovered something rare? Bernstein and Woodward continually confront the reader with two "how" and "why" 4. Neither is study designed for teaching purposes e. Identify the specific ways in which this type of "teaching" case is fact, each piece adding up curiously and then potently to an explanation for the different than research case studies.
Does the teaching case cite primary documents, coverup. Does the teaching case have a conclusion? What Establishing the how and why of a complex human situation is a classic appears to be the main objective of the teaching case? If the case involves a significant public event and an appealing 5. Defining different types ofcase studies usedfor research purposes. Compare the situations in which these different types of case studies would be most applicable, and then name a case study you would like to conduct.
Would it be explanatory, descriptive, or exploratory? Finally, the chapter has discussed some of the major criticisms of case study research and has suggested that these criticisms are misdirected.
However, we must all work hard to overcome the problems of doing case stody research, NOTE including the recognition that some of us were not meant, by skill or dispo- sition, to do such research in the first place.
Case study research is remarkably 1. Robert Stake has yet another approach for defining case studies. He considers them hard, even though case studies have traditionally been considered to be "soft" not to be ,"8 melhodological choice but a choice of object to be studied. Paradoxically, the "softer" a research strategy, the harder it is to do. This definition is too broad. Every study of entities qualifying as objects e.
Defining a case study question. Develop a question that would be the rationale for a case study you ntight conduct. Instead of doing a case study, now imagine that you could only do a history, a survey, or an experiment but not a case study in order to answer this question. What aspects of the question, if any, could not be answered through these other research strategies?
What would be the distinctive advantage of doing a case study to answer this question? Name a topic you thiok is worthy of making the subject of a case study.
One pitfall to be avoided, however, is to consider case study designs to be A research design is the logic that links the data to be collected and the a subset or variant of the research designs used for other strategies, such as conclusIOns to be drawn to the initial questions of a study.
Every emp'. For the longest time, scholars incorrectly thought that the case. How the recognized as something different. The book. In identifying the research strategy for your research project, Chapter I has shown.
The next task is to design your case study. UnlIke other research strategies, a comprehensive "catalog" of re- mately, to its conclusions. Colloquially, a research design is an action plan s. There are no textbooks for getting from here to there, where here may be defined as the initial set of? Between "here" and ''there'' may be found a number tion of dIfferent stimuli or experimental conditions, or the identification of of major steps, including the collection and analysis of relevant data.
SImIlarly, there are not even textbooks like the well-known volumes guides the investigator in the process of collecting. As for the second component, each proposition di- rects attention to something that should be examined within the scope of the Another way of thinking about a research design is as a "blueprinf' of study. Borum, personal communication, Copenhagen Business School, Copen- facturer and a retail store collaborating to sell certain computer products?
These "how" and "why" questions, capturing what you are really mterested Note that a research design is much more than a work plan. In this sense, a research design what you should study.
Only if you are forced to state s. As a simple will you move in the right direction. If you tent of specifIc benefIts to each organization. This is a flaw in any propositions. The outcome could have been and the other research strategies alike-in which a tOPIC IS the subject of avoided if you had developed an appropriate research design in the fIrst place. Consider the analogy in BOX 4 for exploratory case studies.
Can you imagine how you would ask for support from Queen Isabella to do your For case studies, fIve components of a research design are especially important: exploratory study? Unit of anlliysis. This third component is related to the fundamental. For instance, m the ClasSiC case study, a 3. Jennifer Platt a, b has. In each situation, an individual person is the case bemg studIed, study questions. This ftrst component has already been described in Chap- and the individual is the primary unit of analysis.
Information about each ter I. Although the substance of your questions will vary, Chapter I sug- gested that the form of the question-in terms of "who," "what," "where," relevant individual would be collected, and several SUC? The book, also a best-seller, is about the development of a new his "exploration" of the New World, he had to have some reasons for asking minicomputer produced by Data General Corporation, intended to compete for three ships Why not one?
Why not five? Why not south and then east? He also had This easy-to-read book describes how Data General s engmeenng team some mistaken criteria for recognizing the Indies when he actuallyencoun- invented and developed the new computer. Violent conflict.
The Eleventh Edition provided an entirely new major section on the causes and consequences of violent conflict, postconflict recovery and development, and prevention of conflict through an improved understanding of its major causes; the Twelfth Edition more fully develops and extends this section, incorporating recent developments. The full-length end-of-chapter comparative case studies have long been one of the most popular features of the text. Each of the comparative cases also has a special theme, such as human development, poverty, environment, and structural transformation.
Measurement is an ever-present issue in the field of economic development. The text examines the index formulas, explains how they differ from earlier indexes, reports on findings, and reviews issues surrounding the active debate on these measures.
Each has been updated since its initial release, as covered in the Twelfth Edition. Additional updates. Other updates include a further expansion of the section on microfinance, including new designs, potential benefits, successes to date, and some limitations; further expanded coverage of China.
The Voices of the Poor Boxes give students perspective on the issues faced by citizens in developing and underdeveloped nations. The material is sufficiently broad in scope and rigorous in coverage to be used in any undergraduate and some graduate development economics courses.
Applications of contemporary models to new topics from multiple equilibrium economic development models help explain the persistence of violent ethnic conflict and of harmful cultural practices such as female genital mutilation while at the same time indicating how the use of these frameworks has helped inspire strategies for ending these practices.
New to This Edition. Teach with strong pedagogy tools Findings Boxes. Give students a real-world global perspective Global crisis. New, full-length, three-way comparative case study of Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras. New measures. New topics. Table of Contents I. Share a link to All Resources. Instructor Resources. Previous editions. Economic Development, 11th Edition. Relevant Courses. Economic Development Economics.
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